City Planning Review（2020.10）

♦ Value

Author: SHI Nan

♦ FROM SPATIAL PLANNING TO LAND USE CHANGE: DIFFERENCE, CURRENT SITUATION, CHALLENGE, AND FUTURE DIRECTION

Author: HE Zhichao; ZHAO Chunhong; LI Guoyu; GUO Qinghai

ABSTRACT: The fact that spatial planning can influence the land use change has seemingly become a common view of the academic field. However, in spatial planning, future scenario is used to guide present activities; while in the land use change, present knowledge is used to predict the future scenario. Thus, the differences in the research paradigms of these two fields result in two dilemmas: first, the difficulties in studying the mechanism of how spatial planning influences the land use change; second, the doubts on the implementation effectiveness of spatial planning. Starting from the paradigm differences, this paper first reviews the literature on how spatial planning drives the land use change and on the implementation effectiveness of spatial planning, and then puts forward two key challenges, i.e., spatialization and quantification of planning intention and uncertainties in the implementation of spatial planning. Finally, the paper proposes the future research directions to address the challenges, such as employing the method of scenario “translation” in land use studies to spatialize and quantify the planning intention, and integrating the decision-making behaviors of different agents in the implementation of spatial planning into land use models.

KEYWORDS: spatial planning as a driving force; implementation effectiveness of spatial planning; planning intention; uncertainty in the implementation of spatial planning

♦ INFORMAL “TOPOPHILIA”: PLACE ATTACHMENT WITH FLOWING SPACE AND ITS FORMATION, POWER PRODUCTION, AND TURN OF PLANNING

Author: WEI Hang; SHI Nan

ABSTRACT: Recent years have witnessed that street market carrying informal economy have been removed from urban space, which resulted in an indescribable sense of loss for people. This paper conceptualizes this particular emotion as an “informal topophilia”, which refers to “the attachment between people and flowing space that was spontaneously formed with invisible boundaries”. It refers to the relational space created by the existence of people and things in the creation of the meaning structure, and the formation mechanism of which has the double logic of “self-identity” and “emotion-driven”. Under the turbulence of emotions, it becomes an urban “atmosphere” through the mechanism of “diffusion – reinforcement”. It exists but is difficult to capture, which is not only because people’s perceptions reconstructed by the political power through knowledge production, but also because modern legal definitions of rights “monopolize” people’s perceptions of the right to the city. It is a clue to the search for the emotional “right to the city”, and planning research needs to incorporate nonrepresentational approach to identify and defend people’s emotional “right to the city”.

KEYWORDS: topophilia; informal economy; spatial politics; collaborative planning; the right to the city; relational space; non-representational theory

♦ SPATIAL EXPANSION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CHONGQING CITY SINCE IT WAS BUILT

Author: GUO Huanhuan; LIN Jian; HOU Ying; ZHANG Zhigang; SUN Fen

ABSTRACT: Research on the spatial expansion history and characteristics of large cities can provide an important reference for the analysis and prediction of urban expansion. This study identifies four phases in the expansion history of Chongqing City and analyzes the urban expansion characteristics at each phase based on literature, maps, and remote sensing images, as well as important events, and urban expansion area and speed. The study shows the following results. Firstly, Chongqing did not expand continuously in history due to major historical events. The city experienced different degrees of shrink in several periods, such as the early stage after it was built, the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and after the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Secondly, the driving force for urban expansion of Chongqing was weak before 1891, with an average annual growth rate of merely 0.18%. In addition, urban expansion was closely related to military, and large-scale urban constructions all happened in the regime changing periods. Thirdly, influenced by the events like Chongqing opened as a commercial port and becoming the wartime capital during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the city saw a relatively rapid expansion from 1891 to 1949, with an average annual growth rate of 3.86%. However, the poor urban management partly constrained the growth of Chongqing. Fourthly, although the increased urban area of Chongqing was much larger from 1950 to 1996 than that of the preceding two periods, the average annual growth rate was lower than that of the previous period. The constraint of terrain and landform on the city’s expansion weakened gradually. Fifthly, Chongqing has seen an unprecedented expansion since 1997, with an average annual growth rate of 9.69%. After completely breaking through the constraint of hills and rivers, the city tends to sprawl all around.

KEYWORDS: urban expansion; characteristic analysis; literature and map; Chongqing City

♦ REFLECTIONS ON LAND USE MANAGEMENT IN SPATIAL AND TERRITORIAL PLANNING: BASED ON THE PLANNING PRACTICE OF SUSTAINABLE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY

Author: ZHOU Yixiao

ABSTRACT: Efficient land use control is one of the core tasks in balancing protection and development of spatial resources under the requirement of sustainable spatial development and construction of ecological civilization. However, there is still a lack of clear standards of zoning control and quantitative index, as well as related discussion concerning potential planning tools in the practice of spatial and territorial planning in China. Based on the concept of sustainable land use development, which is comparable with the ecological civilization goal of spatial and territorial planning, the Builtup Areas and Transportation Land (SuV) indicator and other planning methods have been developed in Germany since 2002. This paper first explains the formation and application of sustainable development concept in German policies, based on which the implementation barriers and results of SuV are discussed. Then, other tools like legislation, project promotion, funds and space monitoring, etc., through all German administration levels are summarized to suggest that certain new practice, like infill development and comprehensive market oriented cooperation, may play crucial roles in land use management in spatial and territorial planning in China.

KEYWORDS: spatial and territorial planning; land use control; Germany; land use; sustainable development

♦ RESEARCH ON EXTRACTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF RURAL SPACE GENES ORIENTED BY PUBLIC HEALTH: THE CASE OF VILLAGES IN SEVERE COLD REGION

Author: YUAN Qing; WANG Yifei; YU Tingting

ABSTRACT: Rural public health has an increasing impact on rural development, which is also a long-term concern in urban and rural planning. Focusing on the long-term demands of rural public health and the current epidemic outbreak, this paper takes the villages in severe cold region of Northeast China as the research object to extract the space genes related to rural public health risk and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of rural traditional spatial environment for public health through collaborative analysis of rural field survey data, interview data, and quantitative data of space genes. The optimization strategy system, with rural space genes as the starting point, contains three main parts: prediction and investigation of public health risks in rural areas, improvement and optimization of rural human settlements, maintenance and inheritance of rural healthy space resources. Through the system, a virtuous cycle of maintaining rural public health, improving rural human settlement, and inheriting rural healthy space resources can be initiated with low cost, low technology, high effectiveness, and high adaptability.

KEYWORDS: healthy village; rural public health; space gene; optimization of human settlements; severe cold region

♦ EXPLORATION ON RURAL PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE FROM THE SPATIALTEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE IN BAIYANGDIAN: A CASE STUDY OF FOUR VILLAGES IN BAIYANGDIAN

Author: WANG Yihe; HUANG Ling; GAO Yuan; CHEN Xiaodong; GAO Shuqi

ABSTRACT: Under the background of the reform on the ecological civilization institution and the establishment of spatial and territorial planning system, the spatial planning in rural areas demands for reform and innovation. Focusing on the villages in the Baiyangdian area, this paper analyzes the influences of the construction of the Xiongan New Area on the space base and human activities, and concludes the central characteristics that the space and human activities in the villages will change along with time. Then it proposes the idea that planning should adapt to season, and develops a new spatial tool called “Seasonal Flexible Land Use”. Moreover, taking four villages (Shaozhuangzi, Guangdian, Zhaozhuangzi, and Hezhuangzi) in Baiyangdian as examples, the paper practices the idea and tool from three aspects including environmental base, spatial layout, and policy support, providing a reference for the planning and governance of other similar villages.

KEYWORDS: spatial-temporal perspective; planning adapted to season; seasonal flexible land use; four villages in Baiyangdian

♦ STUDY ON EVALUATION METHOD OF SPATIAL EQUALIZATION OF BASIC PUBLIC SERVICE FACILITIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HOMO-URBANICUS: TAKING WUHAN AS AN EXAMPLE

Author: WEI Wei; HONG Mengyao; ZHOU Jie; XIA Junnan

ABSTRACT: On the basis of the “Homo-Urbanicus” theory, this paper proposes that the evaluation on the layout of basic public service facilities should be based on “equal accessibility, reasonable and balanced carrying pressure, and equal access to high-quality service”, with the regional full coverage and proximity, matching equilibrium, and regional circulation as the three basic evaluation principles. It constructs an evaluation method based on the five steps including “determining evaluation objects and obtaining basic data, preliminary structure and pre-evaluation of service areas, community oriented service area construction and evaluation of public service facilities, classification of evaluation grade of community public service facilities, and selection of typical communities”. Taking Wuhan as an example, this paper evaluates six types of facilities, which are primary schools, kindergartens, basic medical care, libraries, services for the elderly, and services for the disabled. Five types of typical communities, namely “model community”, “benchmark community”, “inadequate coverage community”, “pressure-bearing community” and “developing community”, are classified under the principle of spatial equalization. It promotes the application of “Homo-Urbanicus” theory at the level of concrete practice, and systematically constructs the logical framework of urban basic public service facilities evaluation.

KEYWORDS: Homo-Urbanicus theory; basic public service facilities; evaluation method; Wuhan

♦ AN INQUIRY INTO THE CULTURAL DNA OF SPACE IN CHINESE CITIES

Author: NIU Xiong; TIAN Changfeng; SUN Zhitao; HUANG Qin

ABSTRACT: City is the carrier of civilization, and cultural self-confidence should be demonstrated in space. Hidden behind the tangible physical space, there are cultural rules that influence the constitution of space. This paper makes an inquiry into the cultural DNA of space in Chinese cities through the review on historical literature and the analysis on design techniques, in combination with the results of archaeological discoveries and remote sensing interpretation. In the exploration of traditional Chinese philosophical thoughts, the paper puts forward the connotation of cultural DNA of space in Chinese cities, which includes the spatial composition under the overall view from an eastern holistic perspective, the culture of Yin and Yang, and the axis-centered layout and diversification. Through the research on cultural DNA genealogy of space in Chinese cities and the empirical analysis on related cities, this paper argues that the cultural DNA of space in Chinese cities, as a hidden intermediary force, has influenced the city construction in ancient China, and that the expressions of such cultural DNA can also be found in the urban construction practice in China today.

KEYWORDS: cultural DNA; urban design; city construction

♦ DISCUSSION ON THE STANDARD OF CONSERVATION PLANNING FOR HISTORIC CITY

Author: XIANG Bingjun; DI Wenli

ABSTRACT: Promulgation and implementation of the Standard of Conservation Planning for Historic City (GB/T 50357-2018) provides a uniform standard for compiling the conservation plan of a historic city in China. This paper points out possible deficiencies within the current standard based on comparative studies of relevant laws and regulations, as well as the concrete protection practices of historic city in China. It is expected to provide some reference for improving the current standard.

KEYWORDS: historic city; conservation planning for historic city; planning standards

♦ LEGISLATIVE PURPOSE AND IMPLEMENTATION ROUTE OF THE 1961 NEW YORK ZONING RESOLUTION

Author: ZHOU Jianyun; LI Shuling; QI Dongjin; PANG Xiaomei; CHEN Lu

ABSTRACT: The general purpose of the 1961 New York Zoning Resolution is to “promote public health, safety, and general welfare”. As the carrier of the legislative purpose, zoning decomposes, deepens, and spatializes the purpose of legislation. It is also a means to achieve the legislative purpose. The purpose of early zoning was to “exclude unwelcomed land use”, which made exclusivity become a basic principle of zoning. The “one map” zoning system in the 1961 New York Zoning Resolution is a type of comprehensive zoning. This land use-based zoning system and the related rules of bulk are better aligned with the logic and requirements of urban management. They have achieved considerable results in urban management practices, showing a wider range of adaptability and vitality. This article briefly reviews the zoning history of the United States and New York, systematically analyzes the 1916 and 1961 zoning resolutions, and explores the basic logic and core technical tools of zoning control. It attempts to provide a case reference for the law-based management of spatial planning.

KEYWORDS: purpose; zoning; implementation; resolution; New York