City Planning Review（2021.1）

♦ Mission

Author: SHI Nan

♦ INNOVATION OF URBAN SPATIAL SUPPLY AND GOVERNANCE ORIENTED AT

INNOVATION NEEDS

Author: ZHANG Jingxiang; TANG Shuang; HE Heming

ABSTRACT: Innovation is becoming a key factor in promoting global economic growth, and the development of innovation-driven economy has greatly changed the basic logic of urban spatial growth and utilization. Facing the new demands of innovation-driven economic form and the new logic of urban space development, it is of extremely practical significance to promote the vigorous development of innovation activities and functions through the reform of the spatial supply system and governance model. Based on the background of urban innovation development in the era of a knowledge economy, this paper analyzes the new demand characteristics for urban space of innovative enterprises, innovation networks, and innovative talents, and then combines the typical local practices in recent years to propose the main strategies for innovation of urban space supply and governance, including exploring the hierarchical regulatory plan system to address the uncertainty of innovation, encouraging the land control approaches to promote mixed-use, perfecting the land precision supply mode to attract innovative projects, supporting the inventory space revitalization methods to promote continuous innovation, and establishing a shared space construction methods to promote innovation communication, with the hope of providing enlightenment for both the transformation of urban innovation development and planning and the construction of innovation space.

KEYWORDS: innovation-driven economy; urban innovation space; innovation elements; spatial supply; spatial governance

♦ A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE THREE TRADITIONS OF CITY PLANNING IN ANCIENT CHINA

Author: SUN Shimeng

ABSTRACT: Although various groups have participated in the city planning practices in ancient China, the main planning mechanism can be summarized as follows: first, the official control and guidance of city planning through laws and regulations, namely “official tradition”; second, the popular planning theories and building techniques that supported the small planning practices, namely “folk tradition”; third, the coordination, decision-making, and supplement to the above two provided by the ancient intellectuals, namely “intellectual tradition”. Based on extensive studies on ancient local chronicles and city planning cases, this paper examines the features and meanings of each tradition respectively, explains their division and corporation in the planning system from multiple perspectives, and briefly discusses their inheritance in the contemporary planning system.

KEYWORDS: planning mechanism; planning laws and regulations; planner; geomancer; craftsman; intellectuals

♦ RESEARCH ON THE TRANSFORMATION STRATEGY OF URBAN PLANNING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SPATIAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION: BASED ON THE PRACTICE OF CHINA’S MARKET ECONOMY

Author: JIANG Kaikai

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the characteristics of resource allocation in the planned economy, market economy, and economic system transformation, and decomposes the resource allocation process into two stages, namely “designing allocation plans” and “implementing allocation plans”. Then, the paper decomposes the process of implementing spatial allocation plans into two transformations (land elementization and land element spatialization), two allocations (land element allocation and spatial element allocation), and two kinds of circulation (land element circulation and spatial element circulation). On such a basis, the paper further analyzes the reason why urban planning is passive and lagging behind, and puts forward that the methodology of urban planning should be improved from the perspectives of the main body, depth, mode, and object, and establish a full process management system of spatial resource allocation.

KEYWORDS: resource allocation; land; space; urban planning; market economy transformation

♦ CHINESE URBAN RENEWAL MODEL THROUGH THE LENS OF RENT GAP THEORY: A CASE STUDY OF SHENZHEN CITY, CHINA

Author: YIN Jie; SI Nan; ZHANG Wenjia

ABSTRACT: This paper, from the perspective of rent gap theory, discusses the analytical framework of Chinese urban renewal. By using data of urban renewal projects in Shenzhen, the paper reveals the effects of land ownership and urban developers on rent gap. Modeling results suggest that in the process of urban renewal, variation of rent gap of formal construction land and non-state-owned enterprises-led renewal is more consistent with free market theory, and that the government interventions have statistically significant impact on the renewal projects of informal construction land and state owned enterprises (SOEs). Through the internal coordination and external balance mechanism between the government and SOEs, SOEs can bear some financial loss in given locations and help the government achieve the required urban renewal goals.

KEYWORDS: rent gap theory; urban renewal; land ownership; urban developer; Shenzhen

♦ NEWBORN AND TRANSFORMATION: FORMATION OF CHINESE URBAN PLANNING KNOWLEDGE IN EARLY MODERN TIMES (1840-1911)

Author: GAO Xing

ABSTRACT: Taking urban planning knowledge and its formation in the early modern China as the research object, this paper compares the urban function framework defined in the Athens Charter with Chinese city development in the late Qing Dynasty, selecting “Road”, “Park” and “Commercial Port” as keywords to analyze the construction practices and historical documents, in order to sort out the basic characteristics of the formation and development of urban planning knowledge; and by using the Airusheng Shenbao database to conduct keywords frequency statistics survey and analysis, the paper verifies the public acceptance of various planning knowledge in early modern times, expecting to reveal the origin and connotation of modern urban planning in China.

KEYWORDS: history of urban planning; knowledge system of urban planning; road; park; commercial port; modern times of China; the late Qing Dynasty

♦ THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK OF COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE AND THE PATHS TO COMMUNITY PLANNING: BASED ON THE “INSTITUTION-LIFE” ANALYSIS PARADIGM

Author: GUO Ziwei

ABSTRACT: In the post COVID-19 era, the superposition of normalized work and innovative work, and the balance between “order and vitality” have posed huge tests for grassroots governance and community planning. Faced with the current dilemma of separation between urban community theory and planning paths in China, this paper, from the meso and micro perspectives, analyzes the three development stages of “regulation – management – governance” experienced by urban communities in China by use of the “institution-life” analysis paradigm, and establishes an analytical framework for community governance, pointing out that the interaction between institution and life promotes the reproduction of power in the grassroots community. Only by establishing a benign interactive relationship between them, can multi-party participation be realized and the paths and methods to the “social governance community” be found. To be specific, the institution should follow the action logic of daily life and actively seek for cooperation; the subject of life should promote the institutional change by reasonably expanding the tension space. On such a basis, the paper holds that community planning, as a community governance tool that leads to quality space, should be combined with the micro-mechanism of community governance. Firstly, in different intervention modes and working stages, the role of community planners should be flexibly changed between the subjects of institution, the subjects of life, and third parties; secondly, the community planning paths should focus on the reconstructing the community public sphere, and promoting the formation of consensus among heterogeneous groups by building a platform for dialogue and negotiation between different subjects; finally, a benign mechanism of community vitality should be established in community planning by way of “social logic + business logic”, so that the role of subjects of life can be transformed from watching and enjoying the planning process to participating in and taking actions in the process.

KEYWORDS: institution-life; community governance; community planning; community public sphere; post COVID-19 era

♦ BENIGN EVOLUTION MECHANISM OF MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT PATH

Author: CHEN Yang

ABSTRACT: Now that China has entered the stage of high-quality inventory regeneration, how to continuously improve the level of mixed-use development in the process of dynamic regeneration has become an important issue. Based on the general process of Western practice since the birth of modern planning thought, this paper clarifies the existence of benign evolution path of mixed-use development and analyzes the general characteristics of the dynamic mechanism system behind it. Then it explains the differential function of the traditional “Society-Market-Government” triangular power in the evolution mechanism system, as well as the “deviation” mechanism and “correction” process of the dynamic system. In the end, combined with the existing problems in China, the paper attempts to propose primary directions for the future reform.

KEYWORDS: mixed-use development; urban regeneration; western practice process; evolution mechanism system; triangular dynamics

♦ ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION OF REGULATORY DETAILED PLANNING IN THE NEW ERA: BASED ON THE PARADIGM OF HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM

Author: GAO Jie; ZHAO Min

ABSTRACT: Taking historical institutionalism as the analytical perspective, this paper puts the regulatory detailed planning of China in the historical context since the reform and opening up, in order to understand the function, institutional environment, and operational characteristics. Firstly, the paper introduces the theoretical concept of historical institutionalism, and discusses its enlightenment to the planning studies. Secondly, the paper studies the origin and evolution of the regulatory detailed planning. From the prototype to maturity, it has experienced three historical stages, and the research and interpretation are also divided into three stages, namely, the exploration and startup (1978 – 1989), the reform and shaping (1990 – 2007), and the maturity and restructure (2008 – 2018). Finally, it puts forward some thoughts on the further transformation of the regulatory detailed planning in the new era, in line with the construction and implementation of the national territorial spatial planning system of China.

KEYWORDS: historical institutionalism; regulatory detailed planning; institutional construction; innovation and development

♦ CITY PLANNING WITH COMPASS: AN INQUIRY INTO THE PATTERN AND METHOD OF ANCIENT CHINESE CITY PLANNING

Author: WU Tinghai

ABSTRACT: By illustrating Jiangren Yingguo (master-builders planning the site of the capital) in Kaogongji quantitatively, this paper reveals the spatial features, and the circle intersecting square figure, a typical example of the traditional planning pattern. The paper finds that the circle intersecting square figure, which originated from the Jingtian grid, contained the azimuth system, and reflected the early cosmology, influenced city planning in the early times. By steps of setting centers, drawing circles, and making squares, city planning in ancient China (Guihua) tends to make squares out of circles, emphasizes the combination of form and number, and is subject to philosophical and cultural connotations. The approaches of setting centers, drawing circles, and making squares are proposed to supplement the existing Six Steps of Guihua and to improve the Guihua method in ancient China.

KEYWORDS: ancient city planning; ancient planning pattern; ancient planning method; Guihua; planning theory

♦ A REVIEW ON GENTRIFICATION STUDIES IN WESTERN COUNTRIES

Author: CHEN Peiyang

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the origination and mutation of the term “gentrification”, the stage models and trend of gentrification in Western countries, and four key periods of Western studies on gentrification. It analyzes the recent progress of gentrification studies from five research fields: new types of gentrification, redevelopment of conceptual tools, socio-spatial consequences and their resistance, relationship between neoliberal urbanism and gentrification, and scale shift and planetary gentrification. Based on a discussion on the possible future agenda for gentrification in Western countries that includes four directions: empirical research, theoretical construction, consequences, and analysis methods, the paper concludes that studies on gentrification in China should focus on its very typical ontologies and epistemologies, preconditions, structural dynamics, and unique institutional conditions.

KEYWORDS: gentrification; middle class; social space; progress

♦ A REVIEW ON THE RESEARCH OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN URBAN AND RURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION IN CHINA IN RECENT 20 YEARS

Author: QI Runzhao; ZHOU Tiejun; DONG Wenjing; PAN Yin; QIN Yuanyuan

ABSTRACT: Based on the definition of public participation in urban and rural heritage protection, this paper reviews the current situation and trend of public participation in urban and rural heritage protection in China from four aspects: summary and learning of international experience, why public participation is needed, who is required to participate, and how public participation is realized. The paper points out that, in the current stage, the research of public participation in urban and rural heritage protection should be carried out from three aspects: the suitability of public participation, the difference between participation objects, and the relevance between participation subjects.

KEYWORDS: urban and rural heritage; protection; public; participation