City Planning Review（2021.9）

♦ INHERITANCE

Author:SHI Nan

♦ THREE COMMENTARIES ON HISTORIC HERITAGE PRESERVATION

Author: ZHANG Tingwei

ABSTRACT: This article briefly reviews achievements of historic heritage preservation since the 1980s and suggests that this comes as the result of a collective relay race, relying on the decision-making support of the upper-level and the accumulation of progress at the bottom. It reveals that the protective repairing of historic heritage is different from the economic development of urban renewal. Historic heritage preservation is a social act for public service while urban renewal is an economic practice to improve space efficiency.

KEYWORDS: historic heritage preservation; China's historic heritage preservation policy; sustainable historical preservation; urban renewal

♦ INSTITUTIONAL COSTS OF LAND-USE REGULATION

Author: HE Mingjun

ABSTRACT: The improvement of land-use regulation is essentially a process of institutional change based on reducing institutional costs. This paper tries to set up an analytical framework of land-use regulation on the basis of the transaction cost theory. Although market mechanism is an effective way to relocating resources, government involvement is needed because of market failure. The intervention of land-use regulation results in change of the manifestation of the institutional cost, and the transaction cost turns into the institutional transaction cost. The institutional cost in this paper is composed of institutional supply cost, institutional transaction cost, and social cost. From the perspective of the planning history, the introduction of the land-use regulation is to reduce the social cost produced by free land use. From the perspective of the relation between planning and permission, the costs of different planning models are not the same in the different stages. The factors, such as permission procedure, planning supply, credit system, and informal institution, will contribute to the institutional cost of land-use regulation in the planning permission process.

KEYWORDS: land-use regulation; institutional cost; institutional transaction cost; social cost; institutional change

♦ EFFECTS OF "MULTI-PLAN INTEGRATION" ON URBAN SPRAWL IN CHINA: BASED ON THE MULTIPERIOD DIFFERENCE-IN-DIFFERENCE TEST OF CHINA'S PREFECTURE-LEVEL CITIES FROM 2012 TO 2017

Author: LI Lanqing; YUE Yang

ABSTRACT: The implementation of "multi-plan integration" is a basic requirement of establishing the territorial planning system in China, and it is also an important reform to promote the modernization of space governance. In 2014, the Chinese government introduced the "multi-plan integration" reform to carry out space control measures, avoid disordered urban expansion, and realize intensive urban development. Using the data of China's prefecture-level cities from 2012 to 2017, this paper empirically tests the effects of the "multi-plan integration" policy by use of the Difference-in- Difference （DID） method. The results show that: （1） the "multi-plan integration" policy can effectively restrain urban sprawl. The sprawl index of pilot cities has been reduced by about 1.3% on average, and the robustness test confirms that the restraining effect of the policy is significant. （2） The city-level planning reduces the sprawl index by about 3.1%, while the province-level planning reduces the index by about 1%, which indicates that the policy effect of city-level planning is stronger than that of the province-level planning. （3） The policy effects of "multi-plan integration" are heterogeneous in the aspects of population density, geographical location, and policy implementation capacity of different cities. By evaluating the policy effects of "multi-plan integration", the paper explores the policy factors influencing urban sprawl, with the hope to provide reference for the promotion of territorial planning in China.

KEYWORDS: multi-plan integration; intensive development; space control; urban sprawl; territorial planning

♦ SYNERGY EVALUATION METHOD FOR TRANSPORTATION AND TERRITORIAL SPACE AND ITS APPLICATION: A CASE STUDY OF GUANGZHOU

Author: GAO Shengqing; LIU Hua; GU Yuxin; LIU Mingmin; WANG Xinning

ABSTRACT: Based on an analysis of the new requirements of national territorial planning for transportation and the shortcomings of the current transportation evaluation system, this paper puts forward an evaluation method with development of transportation and territorial space as the core, which includes qualitative synergy, quantitative synergy, weights estimation, and synergy evaluation. Then the paper illustrates how this evaluation system works through the practice in Guangzhou. Specifically, qualitative synergy analyzes the relationship among the property of land use right, the industrial function, the territorial space, and the dominant transportation mode, in order to find out the dominant transportation mode of different types of territorial space; quantitative synergy analyzes the target transportation indicators for national territorial zones; weights estimation determines the weights of the dominant transportation indicators for territorial zoning; and synergy evaluation evaluates the whole system based on different transportation zones, through the city transportation model, by comparing the current indicators and the target indicators.

KEYWORDS: planning zoning; territorial space; dominant transportation indicators; synergy evaluation; Guangzhou

♦ RESEARCH ON LAND-SEA INTEGRATION IN SPATIAL PLANNING OF COASTAL SMALL TOWNS

Author: WEN Chaoxiang; WANG Liyun; ZHU Chasong

ABSTRACT: Coastal small towns are the basic unit of the territorial planning in coastal areas, which are special in geographic area and widely distributed, occupying a considerable proportion of the sea-land interface. Their development is restricted by both land and sea, and also produces a profound impact on the local ecological environment. Therefore, spatial planning based on land-sea integration is of great significance to guide the orderly development of land-sea space and create a harmonious land-sea environment. Based on the investigation and research of coastal small towns in Xiapu County, Fujian Province, this paper identifies the resource advantages and ecological problems faced by different types of coastal small towns, and then puts forward the spatial planning ideas and methods of land-sea integration from the two levels of regional and master planning. The regional level is based on the natural geographic unit, and the technical methods of regional integration planning are proposed from the two aspects of development and utilization of the area and ecological space. At the master planning level of small towns, the basic methods of land-sea integration are discussed from four aspects: current situation analysis, key elements, technology integration, and evaluation system. It is expected to provide technical reference for the establishment of land-sea integrated coastal small town spatial planning.

KEYWORDS: land-sea integration; coastal zone; small town; spatial planning

♦ AN ANALYSIS ON THE FINANCIAL BALANCE OF URBAN RENEWAL: PATTERNS AND PRACTICE

Author: ZHAO Yanjing; SONG Tao

ABSTRACT: Government-led is a major feature of urban renewal in China, which requires the development of a financial analysis tool based on the perspective of the government. In line with the two-stage growth model and the principle of irreplaceability, urban renewal can be divided into two different stages: capital investment and operation after completion. The financial balance of the two stages should be independent, without any financial gap. As for the mode of financial balance, in terms of time, it can be divided into static balance of a single project and dynamic balance of multiple projects; in terms of space, it can be divided into in-situ balance and off-site balance. Once the choice for the analysis tool is problematic, there will be "false balance" of finance, which can lead to wrong decisions. China's land has enabled local governments to have great financing powers, which is one of the few valuable advantages that the state has in the face of global competition. However, this advantage could be destroyed if incorrect urban renewal modes are adopted. The financial balance mode of the urban renewal can have long-term impacts on the economic performance of a city just like the land finance in the past, which can then lead to the second round of great diversion in the urban development in China.

KEYWORDS: inventory planning; urban renewal; financial balance

♦GOVERNMENT COORDINATION AND CONTIGUOUS DEVELOPMENT: THE EXPLORATION AND INNOVATION OF DISTRICT OVERALL RENEWAL PLANNING IN SHENZHEN

Author: DAI Xiaoping; XU Lianghua; TANG Zixiong; CHEN Yiyong

ABSTRACT: Under the background of stock-based development, facing complicated historical issues such as illegal buildings in urban villages, Shenzhen has taken a pioneer role in exploring the urban renewal model of "government guidance and market operation" with urban renewal units as the core. However, in recent years, there have been challenges of fragmented development, uneven development due to developers' profit-seeking, lack of protection system on blue and green space and historic heritage, high floor area ratio and damage of public interests, structural imbalance, etc., which urgently requires government coordination. This paper summarizes the main content and innovation practice of the district overall renewal planning, and introduces the specific methods of the Kengzi case. The overall renewal planning re-defines the unit boundaries through spatial coordination, determines the supporting requirements and development volume of each unit through the benefit coordination of the demolition ratio rules, and coordinates the development methods of each unit through phased implementation. The renewal has promoted the supply of land for public interests and contiguous industrial space, which can provide a reference for the contiguous urban stock-based development in the future.

KEYWORDS: district overall renewal planning; stock-based development; urban renewal; market-led; benefit coordination; Shenzhen

♦A STUDY ON THE SCALE AND EFFICIENCY OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION PATTERNS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF CHINA: ANALYSIS BASED ON URBAN LOGISTICS MARKET NETWORK

Author: NIE Jingxin; LIU Helin

ABSTRACT: Proper regional spatial organization is vital to the improvement of regional governance capacity in the new era in China. Existing studies have focused more on regional spatial organizations based on administrative demarcation or cross-administrative functional demarcation, but less on the demarcation based on market organization, and lacked comparison of these spatial organization patterns in terms of scale and efficiency. To this end, this paper applies the network analysis method to identify market-based spatial organization units in the national urban logistics market, and compares their spatial scale and organizational efficiency with provincial administrative units and urban agglomeration units. It is found that there are significant regional disparities in terms of their market integration ability. Compared with the other two types of units, the average scale of market-based spatial organization units is larger, and the boundaries are different from the other two types either. Additionally, the average efficiency level of market-based spatial organization units is also the highest, but urban agglomeration units have a much more balanced organizational efficiency. It is argued that inadequate integration of regional market still restricts the optimization of regional spatial organizations. Improvements could be made by optimizing the organization mechanism of regional elements, differentiating guiding principles based on the advantages on different regions, and establishing new comprehensive support systems.

KEYWORDS: market-based unit; regional coordination; urban agglomerations; regional governance capacity; regional spatial organization

♦ SPATIAL-TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF MODERN URBAN INDUSTRY IN CHINA

Author: LIU Jing; HE Jie; XU Subin

ABSTRACT: This paper collects data of important typical factories and mines established in 1840 - 1949 and creates a historical geographic information system （GIS） database of modern urban industry in China, hoping to support an integrated recognition on historical value of modern urban industrial heritages in China. Through the GIS database, spatial statistics and analysis are operated to investigate the spatial-temporal evolution and distribution pattern of modern industry development in China. Analytical results show that modern industrial classification in China had been evolving and increasing gradually and affected by natural, institutional, traffic, ideological, market forces, capital, wars, and other factors as a whole. In general, distribution of Chinese modern industry is in a north-to-south layout. The geographical centers of modern industrial development shifted from the north to the south, then to the west, and finally back to the east during the study period. The analysis illustrates that distribution of factories and mines is in a positive spatial auto-correlation and agglomeration pattern, in which the most concentrated cities are Shenyang, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Guangzhou. The methodology and techniques applied in this paper can improve accuracy of extracting the entire spatial-temporal phenomena from abstract data and support better understanding through GIS data visualization. Furthermore, these new approaches also serve as supplement references as well as are able to testify traditional literature studies.

KEYWORDS: industrial heritage; modern industry; spatial-temporal evolution; distribution characteristics; GIS

♦ WATER AND TOWNS IN JIANGSU PROVINCE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Author: WANG Yan; DONG Wei

ABSTRACT: In recent years, a series of significant strategies and policies have been issued, providing great opportunities and challenges for the development of the Yangtze River Delta region. The water-town civilization that is constituted by the "lowland" natural environment and historical and cultural resources of Jiangsu Province stands out even in the world. The integration of natural resources and historical and cultural resources, as well as intangible cultural heritage and material cultural heritage is the only way to the historical and cultural space development in the era of territorial planning. Accordingly, this paper discusses the development process and regular characteristics of towns in Jiangsu from a historical perspective by adopting the historical spatial information system, multi-perspective research, and other methods. The paper summarizes the urban-rural development history of Jiangsu. It points out that we should learn from history, and Jiangsu should attach importance to the historical value of the natural-cultural ecological patches formed by traditional water village units, and construct a big urban-rural space pattern featuring the natural and cultural resource integration.

KEYWORDS: Jiangsu; water; town; transition and development; historical and cultural space

♦RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF COMPREHENSIVE TRANSPORT HUB UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF STATION-CITY INTEGRATION

Author: MO Fei; ZHANG Yanan; XI Yang; YANG Jiayu

ABSTRACT: The comprehensive transport hub in China is facing several problems, such as the mismatch between their layout and the urban functional area, the weak combination with the surrounding buildings, the disordered organization of the transport interchange, and the serious division of the operation mechanism. Under this background, the new development concept of station-city integration is a brilliant plan to improve the transport hub and realize urban intensive development. This paper systematically sorts out the interactive relationship between the city and transport hub from macro, meso, and micro scope to operation, and analyzes the problems faced by the transport hub at each stage. The cases of Shibuya Station and others are referenced to explore the solution of each problem. Suggestions for the future development path of comprehensive transportation hub in Beijing are indicated variously, from the view of adaptability of station-city integration, interaction between land use and transport, comprehensive transport connection system, station-city evaluation indicator system, and operation management mechanism, to realize the goal of transport-led urban development and renewal.

KEYWORDS: comprehensive transport hub; station-city integration; transport interchange; evaluation indicator system

♦MICRO-TRANSFORMATION OF OLD COMMUNITIES WITH HISTORICAL MEMORIES OF MULTIPLE AGES AS A CATALYST: TAKING XIANFENG COMMUNITY IN PANYU DISTRICT OF GUANGZHOU AS AN EXAMPLE

Author: ZHAO Yijing; YU Haoshen

ABSTRACT: Some practical experience has been formed in the micro-transformation of physical space of old communities in China. At the same time, the historical and cultural connotation of old communities should also be explored, activated, and displayed in the process of micro-transformation. This paper attempts to explore the micro-transformation mode under the catalytic effect of historical memories from three aspects: the formation and function of historical memories, the exploration and transformation of these memories, and the renewal and renovation mechanism with historical memories as a catalyst. The paper takes the Xianfeng Community, which carries the Lingnan culture and the "Shiqiao" memory of multiple ages, as an example. Through the catalytic effect of historical memories, the effective construction of residents' spiritual civilization and the chain-like driving effect of economy can be achieved at the same time when the community space is renovated and upgraded. By making the community space carry the local culture and historical memories, this paper proposes a complete, comprehensive, and systematic method of community micro-transformation.

KEYWORDS: old communities; micro-transformation; historical memory; urban catalyst; Xianfeng Community

♦ HOW DID I BECOME ATTACHED TO URBAN DESIGN: INTERVIEW WITH ACADEMICIAN WANG JIANGUO

Author: YANG Junyan; ZHANG Fangyuan; QIN Shiwen