City Planning Review（2022.9）

♦DIGITAL PLANNING PLATFORM: A NEW MODE TO FACILITATE THE FUTURE URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN

Author: YANG Baojun; YANG Tao; FENG Zhenhua; ZHOU Qin; HE Qian

ABSTRACT: Guided by the goal of building a digital China, and following the principles of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and inclusiveness, the digital planning platform of Xiong’an aims to realize the synchronous planning and construction of the digital city and the real city. Its emphasis is to strengthen the intelligent infrastructure, establish a global intelligent environment system, and set up a data assets management system. This paper discusses the possibility of future digital twin cities based on the digital planning platform of Xiong’an and explores the new mode for urban planning and construction in the future from the following aspects: regular updating and iteration of planning and design standards, multi-scaled and multi-disciplinary network-based interactions, dynamic optimization for real-time response and operation, and open and interactive collaboration for crowdfunding, through which a spatiotemporal and real-virtual integrated city could be built.

KEYWORDS: network-based interaction; human-machine interaction; digital twin cities; future city; CIM （City Information Modeling）

♦EXPLORATION AND REFLECTIONS ON THE STANDARD UNIT SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL PLANNING IN SHENZHEN

Author: CHEN Dunpeng

ABSTRACT: Planning unit is the basic spatial carrier of planning delivery. Under the territorial planning system, local cities have explored different types of planning units. Shenzhen has redefined the standard unit within the boundary of urban development, which becomes a spatial carrier running through all kinds of territorial planning at all levels and connects social and economic management. The system of planning preparation, delivery control, and implementation supervision of the standard unit has been preliminarily constructed, which has accomplished beneficial practice and exploration for the “improvement of the delivery mechanism of planning implementation” in mega cities. In addition, based on the practical cases of planning units in different cities, this paper also makes a preliminary reflection on the relationship between standard unit and planning system, the accuracy of planning preparation and control, and spatial governance.

KEYWORDS: planning unit; planning delivery; standard unit; Shenzhen

♦EXPLORATION ON COASTAL ZONE PLANNING PATH AT DISTRICT LEVEL UNDER LAND-SEA COORDINATION: THE CASE OF COASTAL ZONE OF XIANG’AN DISTRICT OF XIAMEN

Author: LIN Xiaoru; WANG Di; WEN Chaoxiang; HUANG Youyi; ZHANG Qibang

ABSTRACT: In the context of increasing ecological risks in the coastal zone and the reform of the territorial planning, the coastal zone, as a special space for the interaction of land and sea ecosystems, is a key area for green transformation of industrial economy, where ecological and environmental problems are prominent. Due to the lack of planning, control, and guidance from the perspective of land and sea coordination, a series of problems, such as pollution of ecological environment, sharp reduction of ecological diversity, unreasonable development of mountain and sea corridors, privatization of coastal public space interface, and lagging development of marine economy, have emerged in the coastal zone. Based on the overall development goal of land-sea coordination, this paper takes the coastal zone of Xiang’an District of Xiamen as a case study and establishes a coastal zone ecological security assessment system on the basis of the protection and utilization of ecological environment, ecological resources, and ecological space. It carries out the logical deduction of the coastal planning method of the case city from four aspects: ecological bottom line delimitation, land and sea space control, “ecological-production-living” space development pattern, and implementation guarantee rules. It then puts forward the planning path of land-sea coordination by “taking overall survey, drawing the border line, imposing restrictions, determining the pattern, and promoting implementation”。 The study has a certain universal reference value for coastal zone planning at the urban district and county level.

KEYWORDS: land-sea coordination; ecological protection; coastal zone; planning method

♦INNOVATION-DRIVEN REVERSE ENCLAVE: THE CROSS-GRADIENT INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENCLAVE ECONOMY

Author: HU Hangjun; ZHANG Jingxiang

ABSTRACT: As a special economic and geographic spatial phenomenon, the enclave economy realizes resource complementarity and win-win cooperation between two administrative regions through joint development and management, and has played a positive role in balancing the uneven regional development. However, the traditional enclave economy is based on the establishment of industrial space by developed regions in less developed regions, and is now facing the dilemma of development gradient transfer. In the context of innovation-driven development, the “innovation-driven reverse enclave” based on innovative resources is emerging in some areas. Through the innovation of mode and path, the “innovation-driven reverse enclave” facilitates the formation of local innovation advantages in less developed regions, which helps to realize the cross-gradient development in which less-developed regions directly align with developed regions. It also provides a new feasible way for the coordinated regional development in China.

KEYWORDS: enclave economy; innovation-driven; reverse enclave; cross-gradient development; regional coordination

♦LOCAL LEGISLATION OF TERRITORIAL PLANNING IN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD: A CASE STUDY ON REGULATIONS OF NINGBO ON TERRITORIAL PLANNING

Author: WANG Xianpeng; BAO Weike; ZHAO Yanli

ABSTRACT: In the special transitional period of territorial planning reform, some cities represented by Ningbo have formulated local regulations. The local legislation of territorial planning needs to respond to two major theoretical propositions: one is the legislative boundary under the limited power of local governments, and the other is the local characteristics under the requirement of avoiding repetitive legislation. The legal text analysis reveals the following findings. In terms of the legislative boundary, Ningbo has well handled the relationship with the higher-level law by consolidating the legislative basis, iterating the legislative framework, and refining the planning system. In terms of local characteristics, Ningbo tries its best to promote legislative innovation by optimizing planning permission, promoting implementation supervision, and strengthening urban design control. The legislation path of Ningbo provides a theoretical and practical sample for exploration on the local legislation of territorial planning.

KEYWORDS: territorial planning; local legislation; limited power; local characteristics; Ningbo

♦EXPLORATION ON THE PROTECTION PLANNING OF HISTORIC AND CULTURAL CITIES IN THE NEW ERA: A CASE STUDY OF LUOYANG

Author: YANG Liang; XU Ming; ZHAO Xia; SU Yuan; FENG Xiaohang

ABSTRACT：Protecting and inheriting cultural heritage has become a national strategy that is increasingly important under the background of “multi-plan integration” of the territorial planning system. Effort needs to be put into exploring innovative compilation ideas of the protection planning of historic and cultural cities, as an important programmatic plan for historic protection and inheritance, under the new background and requirements. This paper reviews and predicts the development of protection planning of historic and cultural cities, and carries out innovative research on the compilation of protection planning of historic and cultural cities with Luoyang as an example. The paper explores the issue from four aspects: clarifying the source and value, keeping the bottom line of positive control, keeping pace with the times and shaping the pattern, and strengthening the management and control of planning. Finally, four suggestions are put forward, which are as follows. First, we should strengthen the overall method for study on characteristics of historical and cultural value based on the whole time, space and system dimension. Second, we should pay more attention to the relevance and systematicness between cultural heritage and realize multi-level overall protection. Third, we should give full play to the leading role of culture to drive the transformation of urban and rural areas and enhance their charm. Fourth, we should explore the management and control system of the integration of cultural heritage and all kinds of land and space.

KEYWORDS：protection planning of the historic and cultural city; territorial planning; Luoyang; historical and cultural value; territorial pattern; historic and cultural protection line; great ruins

♦AN EXPLORATION ON THE MICRO-REGENERATION OF UNIVERSITY COMPOUNDS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS

Author: WANG Lingjin; WU Xiao; WANG Chenghui

ABSTRACT: With the advancement of the housing system reform, the traditional danwei compound, as a product of the planned economy, has been unable to meet the needs of modern community development. The university compound, as a representative branch, is undergoing differentiated transformation and reconstruction. Starting from the perspective of property rights, this paper focuses on university compound, reviews the changing process of property rights since the reform of housing system, and analyzes and summarizes the negative effects brought by the property right change, such as mixed living of different social groups, confusion of management rights and responsibilities, and ambiguity of spatial ownership. Then it further explores the reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the current regeneration mechanism from the three aspects of property rights, funds, and participants. On this basis, the paper introduces the concept of “micro-regeneration” to establish a general regeneration operation framework composed of “analysis of different property right characteristics and current operation modes - establishment of regeneration operation modes - integration of phased regeneration project system - feedback of regeneration effect for the second time”， with the hope to provide reference and guidance for the regeneration of university compound from the perspective of community.

KEYWORDS: property rights; university compound; micro-regeneration; regeneration operation modes; phased regeneration project system

♦YUWEN KAI’S CREATIVE IDEA IN THE PLANNING OF DAXING CITY OF THE SUI DYNASTY

Author: YE Yale

ABSTRACT: The research on the planning of Daxing City of the Sui Dynasty is of great significance for understanding the planning history of capital cities in China, and even the East Asia. According to the corrected archaeological data of the townsite via geographic information technology, it is found that the spatial structure of Daxing of the Sui Dynasty shows a nine-grid pattern. By analyzing the literature on the design of Mingtang （the main hall of the palace）， the paper explores the cultural connotation and specific form of the Mingtang pattern that Yuwen Kai designed, presents the characteristics of the city that took Mingtang as the political center, and reveals the creative idea of Yuwen Kai in the planning of Daxing. In the end, the paper makes assumptions on the possible planning scheme and process from the three perspectives of site selection, layout design, and construction, and addresses the issues of planning module and shifted central axis in the planning and construction of Daxing of the Sui Dynasty.

KEYWORDS: Daxing City of the Sui Dynasty; Yuwen Kai; planning; Mingtang; pattern

♦RESEARCH ON ROAD NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS AND RESILIENCE MEASUREMENT OF FIVE NEW TOWNS IN SHANGHAI

Author: REN Jie

ABSTRACT: Road network is the bottom support of urban system. Building a resilient road network is of great significance to improve the independence and integrity of new towns. Based on the complex network theory, this paper analyzes the structural characteristics of the road networks of five new towns in Shanghai, and measures their resilience to “random failure” and “deliberate attack”。 The results show that: （1） the road networks of the five new towns in Shanghai can better absorb the impact of “random failure”， while they are vulnerable to “deliberate attack”； （2） the road networks of Fengxian and Jiading with moderate density and complete hierarchy have higher resilience level, while the road networks of Nanhui and Songjiang with low density and poor homogeneity have lower resilience level; （3） the high “efficiency” of the road network in the daily situation does not equal to high “resilience” in the disturbance scenario. Based on the research results, it is encouraged to incorporate the resilience index into the relevant planning of the transportation system of the five new towns in Shanghai, and constantly improve the hierarchical system of the road network based on resilience measurement to achieve the goal of developing into “independent and comprehensive node towns”。

KEYWORDS: road network; characteristic analysis; resilience measurement; five new towns in Shanghai; complex network theory

♦THE SOCIAL EQUITY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING LAYOUT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA IN NANJING

Author: ZHU Le

ABSTRACT: New urbanization puts forward higher requirements for the care for disadvantaged groups. In view of the lack of an equity evaluation system for the affordable housing layout, it is advisable to develop a social equity performance evaluation system in the existing planning system. Specifically, it includes three stages: construction of a multi-source data platform, calculation of accessibility of basic public service facilities, and measurement of social equity and spatial equity. Through an empirical study in Nanjing, the technical methods of each stage are explained. Among them, multi-source data collection is to build a data platform based on the mobile phone signaling data, point of interest data, housing price data, open map travel cost data, etc. Basic public facility accessibility is calculated based on destination accessibility through different travel modes at different travel times. The module analysis and evaluation are performed in the equity evaluation stage, and the evaluation results of social equity and spatial equity based on the justice theory are clarified.

KEYWORDS: affordable housing; social equity performance evaluation; justice theory; accessibility; multi-source data; Nanjing

♦VALUE ATTRIBUTES OF PLANNING OUTCOMES AND THE USE OF PLANNING: FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF “PUBLIC GOODS” AND “INFORMATION PRODUCTION”

Author: CHEN Lu

ABSTRACT: In response to the limitations of the current theoretical research and understanding of planning in China, by returning to people’s basic rational behavior - “planning” itself, and strengthening the epistemological sphere of planning theory research, this paper provides a new perspective on current planning practice and the foundations of the discipline in China. Based on Lewis D Hopkins’ view that “planning outcomes have the value attribute of public goods” and “planning is an act of information production”， this study thoroughly elaborates the characteristics of planning information production, the three types of information, the forms of presentation of planning products, and the use of planning information, in order to identify the distinction between “planning” and “use of planning”。 This paper proposes that the maximum value of planning can only be achieved if the results are used effectively. The essence of territorial planning is the creation of new spatial information rules, which requires the use of information production to reconcile contradictions and strengthen the integration of “human information”， while the core skill of the planning profession is the creation of information that can be used effectively.

KEYWORDS: planning theory; epistemology; the production of information; public goods; the use of planning

♦A STUDY ON THE SYSTEM OF SAFEGUARDING PUBLIC INTERESTS IN URBAN REGENERATION IN CHINA

Author: WANG Ruobing

ABSTRACT: The interests distribution mechanism of the value-added part during urban land development and regeneration, especially the public interests safeguard mechanism, has always been the key point of the system setting. In the absence of a secondary distribution mechanism of land appreciation, domestic cities charge certain taxes and fees, as well as part of land and building space to provide public goods during the regeneration process. These costs incurred at the beginning of the regeneration process are almost all reflected in the increase of urban space capacity at the end of the process. Under the situation that China’s cities have already experienced large-scale space production, in order to avoid further increasing the space capacity during the regeneration, and also to effectively utilize the stock-based space, this research summarizes the path of safeguarding public interests in urban regeneration of multiples cities, and analyzes the institutional optimization path between public interests safeguarding and capacity growth control, combined with the regeneration calculation of typical plot in Beijing.

KEYWORDS: urban regeneration; public interests; safeguard; space capacity; system