City Planning Review（2022.12）

♦SPATIOTEMPORAL AND BEHAVIORAL PLANNING: THE KEY ISSUE AND PLANNING STRATEGIES

Author: CHAI Yanwei; LI Yanxi; LI Chunjiang

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a conceptual system of Spatiotemporal and Behavioral Planning (STBP) based on existing theories and practices in China and abroad. The STBP originates in the study of human-environment relationship in geography. The key issue of the STBP is to optimize the relationship between individual's behavioral demand and the supply of spatial and temporal resources. By re-allocating urban resources or services in space and time as well as giving guidance on human behavior, we can move further in promoting more sustainable human behavior and social development. The STBP consists of three strategies: (1) spatial strategy, including living space planning and mobility system planning, which has been widely used in domestic and foreign cities; (2) temporal strategy, including planning on urban time resources and individual's time budgets, which has been mainly implemented in some European countries and can give inspiration to Chinese cities; (3) behavioral guidance, that is, to provide information which can help individuals to make better decisions, or to change individual's behavior through intervention policies or social norms. There are some pilot studies about behavioral strategy in travel demand management and household energy use. The STBP takes both micro and macro factors into consideration to have deeper understandings of human behavior, and combines space and time, travels and activities, and individuals and cities together, which is of great significance for the innovation and promotion of territorial planning and spatial governance in China.

KEYWORDS: Spatiotemporal and Behavioral Planning (STBP)； urban activity system; human-environment relationship; temporal planning; behavioral guidance

♦FORESEEING THE FUTURE OF METROPOLISES: STRATEGIC FORECASTING METHODOLOGY TO ADDRESS THE UNCERTAINTY

Author: ZHENG Di; WU Zhiqiang

ABSTRACT: With the increasing uncertainty of future urban development, the formulation of urban spatial strategic planning is faced with greater challenges, which puts forward new requirements for related forecasting and analysis methods. Aiming at the proposition of "how to use analysis methods to address the uncertainty of future urban development", this paper establishes a strategic forecasting methodology, namely the "5-Dimension & 48-Approach", that foresees the future of metropolises. Based on the future evolution trend of urban strategy, and from the dimension of "object cognition", it proposes a forecasting and analysis method composed of logical reasoning trend analysis, Delphi open discussion, and data model. From the dimension of "clear role", it proposes a global urban strategy database, public-private partnership in urban management, and public participation to obtain social support, thus forming a dynamic spatial model. From the dimension of "goal game", it puts forward the methods of determining goals through competitive analysis, formulating goals and adjusting strategies, and matrix analysis of process management. From the dimension of "power competition", it uses technology foresight to obtain scientific and technological development impetus, and relies on data mining of crowd intelligence to integrate innovations. From the dimension of "path exploration", it proposes a simulation method combining linear and nonlinear paths, scenario analysis to achieve multiple deduction, and data platform integration and simulation. Based on the research and evaluation of the five types of forecasting and analysis methods, this paper summarizes the strategic five-dimensional methodology which is characterized by overall planning, dynamic adjustment, and proactive flexibility. The methodology will be continuously improved in the intelligent platform of public-private partnership.

KEYWORDS: metropolis; analysis and forecasting; intelligent platform; strategic plan

♦CONSTRUCTION OF RESILIENT CITIES IN CHINA: CONNOTATION CHARACTERISTICS, WEAKNESSES, AND PLANNING STRATEGIES

Author: TAO Xidong

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a worldwide focus on the issue of resilient cities, which is also a new task for China's city planning. Starting from the concept of resilient city, this paper analyzes the weakness that China's resilient city construction has in terms of emergency safety facilities planning, public service planning, urban spatial planning, and community planning. It then puts forward the planning reform ideas and measures to create a resilient city: improving the resilience theory level of planners; compiling urban strategic planning of resilience; implementing the strategy of infrastructure renovation and renewal; implementing more balanced public service planning; implementing resilient spatial planning adapted to both times of peace and times of crisis, and implementing the resilient community planning of life circle.

KEYWORDS: resilient city; connotation characteristics; weakness; strategy; COVID-19 pandemic

♦HUMAN-CENTERED PLANNING EVALUATION: APPROACH AND APPLICATION OF INTEGRATING "HOMO URBANICUS" INTO S-CAD

Author: LI Yuan; WANG Zhifeng; ZHAO Shouliang; ZHAO Zeming

ABSTRACT: It is a challenge for planning evaluation theories and practices to address the dilemma of "multiple values". This paper aims to develop a human-centered planning evaluation approach by integrating humanistic lens of "balancing self-preservation and co-existence" of Homo Urbanicus into S-CAD. The approach features a set of analyses in four interdependent parts, including self-preservation, co-existence, key institutional links for balance of self-preservation and co-existence, and decision-making based on balancing self-preservation and co-existence. To illustrate the approach, we evaluate the policy design and outcomes of Plan of Community Elderly- Care Facilities Construction in Beijing and provide suggestions including promoting cross-sub-district collaboration on using stock resources based on "co-existence index", encouraging cross-organization cooperation on supplying services and facilities guided by "co-existence fund", and determining service radius based on "co-existence distance". The emphasis on the "balancing self-preservation and co-existence" comes from the Chinese traditional culture of "the greater and smaller self". The approach aims to provide reference for the development of the theory and mechanism of planning evaluation with Chinese characteristics, especially for addressing the dilemma of "multiple values" in the field.

KEYWORDS: planning evaluation; Homo Urbanicus; S-CAD; multiple values; human-centered; planning policies for public services; Beijing

♦TRANSLATION AND APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL "CHILD-FRIENDLY COMMUNITY" ASSESSMENT TOOL: TAKING THE INVESTIGATION OF THE STATUS QUO OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN CHANGSHA AS AN EXAMPLE

Author: SHEN Yao; ZHANG Xindan; LIU Sai

ABSTRACT：In order to comprehensively investigate and assess the current status of child-friendliness in urban communities and promote the construction of child-friendly cities with communities as basic units, Changsha adopts the Child-Friendly Communities Assessment Tool of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) based on the actual situation of the city. After translation, the tool is applied to the assessment and survey of the current situation of children's rights in the city. This article examines the translation and application process of this tool and the assessment survey results focus on three major sections, i.e., children's participation, play and leisure, and child health. On the one hand, the research tries to sort out the "translation" process of the assessment tool derived from UNICEF, and provide a model for the investigation and evaluation of child-friendly cities (communities) in various places according to local conditions. On the other hand, taking the analysis on the self-assessment results of the child-friendly communities in Changsha as an example, the research puts forward the key tasks of building a child-friendly community with Chinese characteristics from the perspective of planning.

KEYWORDS: child-friendly communities; assessment tool; children's rights; Changsha

♦RESEARCH ON THEORETICAL PROTOTYPE AND SOLUTION OF THE COOPERATION DILEMMA IN OLD COMMUNITY REGENERATION: ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK BASED ON PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY

Author: LIU Di

ABSTRACT: With the transformation of China's urbanization development model as the background, and focusing on the characteristics of the collective property rights of old communities and the lack of theoretical research on regeneration, this paper analyzes the dilemma of collective choice in the regeneration of old communities from the perspective of public choice theory, and summarizes the problems into two types: the dilemma of collective cooperation (the tragedy of the commons) and the dilemma of collective action (the tragedy of the anti-commons). According to the analysis framework of public choice theory, with the help of three models of "risk-return, cost-utility, and voting-game", this paper analyzes and obtains the solutions to the dilemma of collective choice, including "paying for non-cooperation" and "setting up common property right agents" to solve the dilemma of collective cooperation, as well as "external factor regulation" and "changing voting incentives" to solve the dilemma of collective action. Finally, it puts forward the idea of "collective smart choice" for the regeneration of old residential areas, and expounds its organizational mechanism, operation support mode, and application scope.

KEYWORDS: urban regeneration; old community; public choice; collective cooperation; collective action; tragedy of the commons; tragedy of anti-commons

♦RESEARCH ON THEORETICAL PROTOTYPE AND SOLUTION OF THE COOPERATION DILEMMA IN OLD COMMUNITY REGENERATION: ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK BASED ON PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY

Author: LIU Di

ABSTRACT: With the transformation of China's urbanization development model as the background, and focusing on the characteristics of the collective property rights of old communities and the lack of theoretical research on regeneration, this paper analyzes the dilemma of collective choice in the regeneration of old communities from the perspective of public choice theory, and summarizes the problems into two types: the dilemma of collective cooperation (the tragedy of the commons) and the dilemma of collective action (the tragedy of the anti-commons). According to the analysis framework of public choice theory, with the help of three models of "risk-return, cost-utility, and voting-game", this paper analyzes and obtains the solutions to the dilemma of collective choice, including "paying for non-cooperation" and "setting up common property right agents" to solve the dilemma of collective cooperation, as well as "external factor regulation" and "changing voting incentives" to solve the dilemma of collective action. Finally, it puts forward the idea of "collective smart choice" for the regeneration of old residential areas, and expounds its organizational mechanism, operation support mode, and application scope.

KEYWORDS: urban regeneration; old community; public choice; collective cooperation; collective action; tragedy of the commons; tragedy of anti-commons

♦ALLOCATION STRATEGIES FOR ASD-FRIENDLY URBAN PUBLIC SERVICE FACILITIES Author: WANG Jiaxin; ZHU Wei

ABSTRACT: In the background of "Inclusive City", urban planning should consider the needs of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in terms of public service facilities, to help them better integrate into the society. Based on questionnaire survey and interviews with experts and organizations, this paper summarizes the behavior and needs of people with ASD in terms of public service facilities, then develops allocation strategies and applies them to an area in Shanghai. It is found that the essential needs of people with ASD include intervention training, family training and psychological consulting, day care, family activity, employment transition, and full day care. However, most of these facilities and services are scarce. ASD-friendly public service facilities can combine with the existing facilities, and allocating about 5% of the area for the existing facilities can greatly improve the current situation. The spatial pattern of facility allocation can fit well with the current "district/county-town-community" three-tier allocation strategy. With appropriate management adjustment measures, most needs of people with ASD can be met by taking advantage of the city's existing public service facilities.

KEYWORDS: Autism Spectrum Disorder; public service facility; needs; allocation indicator

♦SEARCHING FOR A "CHINA MODEL": STAGES AND TRENDS OF CHINA'S URBAN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PAST 100 YEARS

Author: LIU Jinhua; DUAN Jin

ABSTRACT: Historical staging is not only a basis for the study on urban design history in China, but also an approach to understanding its development. Taking the logical proposition of modernization of Chinese cities as the main line, and by reviewing the relevant historical events in the past 100 years, this paper establishes an event matrix. On the basis of analyzing the impact of different events on the main line, the paper selects iconic staging nodes and identifies seven historical phases. It is found that urban design in China was originated from a comparative learning process featured by learning from foreign countries and spontaneous learning, and many disputes were caused by the absorption of European-American experiences and the Soviet experiences during this process. The overall course shows an evolutionary framework shaped by the interweaving of practical problems and ideal goals. To form the "China model" of urban design, it is necessary to be "self-centered" and restart from the broader reality of Chinese cities, to promote the institutional innovation of urban design to resolve the contradictions in learning from the heterogeneous experience, and to strengthen theoretical guidance to provide long-term guarantees.

KEYWORDS: disciplinary history of urban design; historical staging; external experience; Soviet planning; China model; Chinese path to modernization

♦RESEARCH ON INFLUENCING FACTORS OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT PERCEPTION IN NEIGHBORHOODS: EVIDENCE FROM BEHAVIORAL EXPERIMENT

Author: WU Yulin; DONG Weihua; ZHANG Wenjia

ABSTRACT: Built environment perception (BEP) in neighborhoods influences city dwellers' spatial decision-making process, life quality, and health condition. Therefore, accurate measurement of BEP and in-depth analysis of its influencing factors are conducive to planning a high-quality built environment. Based on eye-tracking experiment paradigm, this research explores the interactive influence of place vitality and interpersonal trust, as two factors corresponding to place dimension and individual dimension respectively, on BEP measured by both perceived restorativeness scale and eye-tracking metrics. During the experiment, college student participants are recruited to watch videos of streetscape with high or low vitality, with eye-tracking data and interpersonal trust score collected. Utilizing semantic segmentation and casual inference modelling, the research analyzes the influence of place vitality on BEP as well as the moderation effect of interpersonal trust. The results show that the effect of place vitality on environmental restoration and social visual preference is moderated by interpersonal trust with heterogeneous patterns between places. Furthermore, interpersonal trust and place vitality present a negative interactive effect on visual processing depth and visual search intensity, but a positive effect on visual attention frequency, showing the synergetic role of the two factors. This research finds that individual personality and physical environment have an interactive influence on BEP in neighborhoods, proves the individual difference on environmental sensing, selection, adaptation, and evaluation process, and probabilizes the improvement in neighborhood environmental experience by adjusting place vitality or residents' personality, hoping to provide enlightenment to the future neighborhood planning.

KEYWORDS: place vitality; environmental restoration; eye-tracking experiment; interpersonal trust; built environment perception; Beijing

♦FROM "OPPOSITION" TO "UNITY": DISCUSSION ON URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT PATH CONSIDERING BOTH SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION

Author: WANG Qianwen; ZHAO Guangyu; ZENG Jian

ABSTRACT: The contradiction between urban socio-economic development and ecological protection in China remains prominent, and the disorderly urban land development poses a continuous threat to ecological security and urban safety. Taking the Fujian (Min) Delta region as an example and based on dynamic multi-scenario simulation prediction and directional distribution pattern analysis, this paper proposes a "directional regulation - intensity regulation - effect regulation" urban land development path to alleviate the contradiction between urban socio-economic development and ecological protection. Specifically, the paper predicts a proper development direction of each district and county based on the shift of land development focus in different development scenarios; proposes reasonable development patterns for different circles based on the changing trend of land use structure of each district and county in different development scenarios; develops a gradient urban resource allocation path according to the spatial heterogeneity distribution characteristics of the urban planning system scale division and the impact of urban land development patterns on ecosystem service values. It aims to provide a theoretical framework and scientific basis for green urban development that responds to the evolution of ecosystems.

KEYWORDS: ecological security; urban safety; urban land; development path; the Fujian (Min) Delta